Drinking alcohol affects the body in many ways. These effects can lead to physical and mental changes that can put alcohol users and others at risk of injury or death. Possible dangers include falls, household accidents, and car crashes.
How Alcohol Moves Through the Body
When a person drinks beer, wine, or another alcoholic drink, the alcohol
is quickly absorbed in the blood and then carried throughout the body. A
drink of alcohol stays in the body for about 2 hours after being
consumed.
This period of time can vary depending on the person's weight, gender, and other factors. When a person drinks, the concentration of alcohol in the blood builds to a peak, then goes
down. At first, alcohol often makes people feel relaxed and happy. Later, it can make them feel sleepy or confused.
This period of time can vary depending on the person's weight, gender, and other factors. When a person drinks, the concentration of alcohol in the blood builds to a peak, then goes
down. At first, alcohol often makes people feel relaxed and happy. Later, it can make them feel sleepy or confused.
The small intestine and the stomach absorb most of the alcohol after drinking. A small amount leaves the body through breath and urine. Eating food, especially fatty food, slows the absorption of alcohol. If people drink more alcohol than their bodies can absorb, they become drunk.
How Alcohol Affects the Liver, Brain, and Heart
Drinking too much alcohol affects many parts of the body. It can be
especially harmful to the liver, the organ that metabolizes (breaks
down) alcohol and other harmful substances. People who drink heavily for
a long time can develop diseases such as liver inflammation (alcoholic
hepatitis) or severe liver scarring (cirrhosis). Alcohol-related liver
disease can cause death.
Alcohol
not broken down by the liver goes to the rest of the body, including
the brain. Alcohol can affect parts of the brain that control movement,
speech, judgment, and memory. These effects lead to the familiar signs
of drunkenness: difficulty walking, slurred speech, memory lapses, and
impulsive behavior. Long-term heavy drinking can shrink the frontal
lobes of the brain, which impairs thinking skills.
Drinking alcohol can affect the heart in good
and bad ways. On one hand, studies have shown that moderate drinking --
up to two drinks a day for men and one drink for women -- can lower the
chances of developing heart disease. On the other hand, heavy drinking
-- either all at once or over time -- can damage the heart. Long-term
alcohol use can also result in high blood pressure, which increases a
person's risk of heart disease. However, blood pressure can go back to
normal within a few months after drinking stops if there is not a lot of
damage to the heart.
WATCH How Alcohol Affects The Brain
Male and Female Drinkers Compared
Alcohol affects men and women differently. In general, older men are
more likely to drink alcohol compared with older women. But women of
all ages are often more sensitive than men to the effects of alcohol.
Women's bodies tend to break alcohol down more slowly. Also, women have
less water in their bodies than men, so alcohol becomes more
concentrated. As a result, women may become more impaired than men after
drinking the same amount. That is why the recommended drinking limit
for women is lower than for men.
Drinking
for a long time is more likely to damage a woman's health than a man's
health. Research suggests that as little as one drink per day can
slightly raise the risk of breast cancers in some women, especially
those who have been through menopause or have a family history of
cancer. But it is not possible to predict how alcohol will affect the
risk for cancer in any one woman. By NIHSeniorHealth
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